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Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies 1 Introduction The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis. Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS). DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context. My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community. The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis. A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm. The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches. In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS. 2 Outline 2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc. 2.2 Methodolgy I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm. 2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study. 2.4 Case study In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random. 2.5 Conclusion Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also. (Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.) 附录2- 引文范例(仅供参考) “It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217) 附录3- 参考文献范例(仅供参考) Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation C Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982. Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988. Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152. 张南峰(译). 王尔德戏剧选. 福州：海峡文艺出版社，1990. 戴炜栋. 构建具有中国特色的英语教学“一条龙”体系，外语教学与研究，2001(5). 附录4- 封面范例(仅供参考)(中文) 对外经济贸易大学硕士学位论文 论品牌名称翻译的特殊性 专 业： 研究方向： 作 者： 导 师： 写作时间： ― 对外经济贸易大学 英语学院 (英文) School of International Studies University of International Business and Economics Pragmatic Strategies in Advertising: Implicatures Wang Ying A thesis submitted to School of International Studies of University of International Business and Economics In partial fulfillment of the requirement For the degree of Master of Arts April 2002 Beijing, China 免费开题报告范文 论文题目：中国上市公司效绩评价体系的探讨 一、课题研究的意义 我国上市公司对我国的经济发展起到越来越重要的作用，截止2001年底，我国上市公司已达到1174家，总股本超过5050亿，其中国家股和国有法人股328亿，市价总值高达5.55万亿元，约占国民生产总值的48%，约有股民6800万人，约占城镇人口的40%,资本市场规模越来越大。据统计，截止2001年底，我国国有控股上市公司所有者权益10547亿元，实现利润1519亿元，分别占全国国有及国有控股企业的32%和63%，国有上市公司已成为我国各行业中的龙头企业，在国有资产质量上，上市公司已成为优良资产的富区，同时上市公司也成为中国人投资的主要领域。随着我国资本市场的发展和完善，上市公司不仅会得到更大更快的发展，而且会显示出更重要的作用。但也不 可否认，在我国上市公司发展过程中，也出现了一些问题：一是上市公司整体业绩下滑，竞争力下降，据资料反映，2001年我国上市公司加权平均每股收益为0.1369元，比上年同期下降31.04%,加权平均净资产收益率为5.53%,比上年同期下降22.55%,有151家公司亏损,亏损面为12.67%，较上年又进一步扩大;二是部分上市公司内部违规现象严重，据了解，2001年有100家上市公司因各种违规问题而受到证监委和其他有关部门的查处;一些上市公司会计信息严重失真，虚增业绩，大肆“圈钱”，极大地打击了投资者对上市公司的信心;三是二级市场投机行为盛行，一些机构操纵股价，牟取高利，严重地扰乱了市场秩序。为了解决我国上市公司发展中出现的问题，就需要在市场经济条件下，更好地有效发挥政府的监管职能和社会的监督职能，加快建立上市公司的优胜劣汰机制，全面净化证券市场的环境。要实现这一目标，有效的手段之一是建立上市公司的效绩评价体系。 目前，国家有关部门已经对我国国有企业制定了效绩评价制度，并正在逐步推开,但在我国上市公司中还没有建立这项制度，所以本文的研究是有实际意义的。 二.本文研究的内容 本文拟从四个方面探讨上市公司效绩评价体系的建立。 第一部分主要从六个方面阐述建立我国上市公司效绩评价体系的意义，这六个方面是： (一)有利于国家对上市公司的监管 (二)有利于推动上市公司建立科学的约束和激励机制。 (三)有助于对上市公司经营者业绩的全面考核。 (四)有利于引导上市公司的经营行为。 (五)有利于增强上市公司的形象意识。 (六)有助于投资者的理性投资。
